Anatomy and Physiology Lab

Study Help

1) Advice

2) Topic-specific Tutorials (websites)

3) Video Tutorials by Megan Letavish

_________________

Advice:

STEP 1)
See the websites "How to Read a Textbook", and "How to Study" to get the most help from your textbook (Click on the highlighted words for links to the websites)

Use the anatomy and physiology websites listed below to help you understand your textbook chapters and lecture notes - click HERE.

To check your syllabus at the Anatomy and Physiology website, click HERE

STEP 2)
After you have attended class and started your reading assignments, the best strategy for learning the information you receive is to

START TALKING ABOUT IT- NOTHING IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN TRYING TO EXPLAIN WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED BY USING YOUR OWN WORDS - if you can't do it, you haven't learned it

1ST CHOICE: Form a study group!!: Schedule a meeting time with one or more of your classmates in M238 (remember we are open Saturdays) or anywhere else, if necessary. Bring the assigned readings and your notes from lecture and lab to your study session.

2ND CHOICE: If you can't meet in person, then schedule a phone meeting or use the Blackboard Discussion Board for your course section (your instructor can guide you) in order to exchange your questions, thoughts, problems and suggestions

STEP 3)
If you and your study partner(s) have difficulty with a particular topic, then

WRITE DOWN SPECIFIC QUESTIONS

1ST CHOICE: Bring your questions to the tutors in M238. Try to meet with a tutor as a study group rather than individually.

2ND CHOICE: If you can't meet with a tutor in person, then take your questions to your instructor's Office Hours or - if time is short - you can use the e-mail service of this webpage to send a question electronically: Click HERE

STEP 4)
Test yourself - there are practice exams in M238 and soon w'll have exams at this site. Your textbook has practice questions at the end of every chapter and study questions in the chapters. Many of the websites listed below also have questions.

Topic-specific Tutorials:

WEBSITES ARE LISTED BY CHAPTER BELOW - BUT FIRST CHECK OUT THE TWO FOLlOWING SITES THAT GIVE YOU A GOOD INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BIOLOGY

“Topics in Medicine and Allied Health”
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/medcurr.htm
Lists subjects related to different medical fields (the Loyola University School of Medicin curriculum). Click on a subject title to see a list of tutorials for the subject you selected

“Online Biology Textbook” -
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/W/Welcome.html
GREAT for looking up definitions and short explanations of any biological name/term for a structure or process. Type the term into the "search" box in the upper left corner of the page

WEBSITES ACCORDING TO TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS (SCB203, SCB204) (this list is under development - if you have found a useful website that isn't listed here, tell the lab manager, Bradley Maurer)

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/surface/index.html
SURFACE (SUPERFICIAL) ANATOMY – AND MORE: Not only learn the names of surface areas of the body – also see the location of the particular organs underneath (deep to) the surface location where you place the pointer on the photo!

http://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/CrossSectionAtlas.shtml
ACTUAL SECTIONS FROM A HUMAN BODY X-sections (sections in the transverse plane) taken from a cadaver are used to show internal anatomy. Anatomical structures in each section are numbered. Keys to the numbers at the bottom of each section.
Menu options on the homepage make it easy for you to select just the section(s) you want to see.
See how the organs of the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems are positioned relative to each other and to surrounding muscle and bone.

CHAPTER 2 – THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
BIOLOGY and CHEMISTRY - AN INTRODUCTUCTION
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/main.html
Clear and well written with excellent diagrams - click on each of the four tutorials listed and scroll through them before you decide where to begin

CHAPTER 3 – THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.html
CELLS, SIZE and MICROSCOPES
- how small is a cell anyway?

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/pev/page3.html
THE MICROANATOMY OF A CELL
All the cells in our body are "eukaryotic cells" - they have a nucleus or come from cells that have a nucleus - look at what else is inside a cell! (great pictures)

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
MITOSIS - division of the cell nucleus followed by division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
- you can watch an animation of mitosis

CHAPTER 4 – THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

http://www2.uerj.br/~micron/atlas/atlasenglish/tissue.htm
MICRSOCOPE SLIDES ONLINE #1! See excellent examples from the following tissues: Epithelial; Connective (non-specialized), Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood; Nervous; Muscle

http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/MicroscopicAnatomy.shtml
MICRSOCOPE SLIDES ONLINE #2! Find any tissue/cell type that you need in microscopic view! If the first slide you view isn’t useful (for example, it’s the wrong magnification), then keep trying. There are so many to choose from.

http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab2.htm
MICRSOCOPE SLIDES ONLINE #3 – all human tissues – the slides are beautiful

CHAPTER 5 – THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 6 – THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE
http://www.luhs.org/health/topics/bone/bone.htm
What is a BONE? – simple, short and clear overview

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html
INTRODUCTION to the SKELETAL SYSTEM: The clearly written text is good for an introductory overview of skeletal system form and functions. But if you want to carefully study individual bones, pick another site.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/xrays/
X-RAYS of BONES – your choice of labeled and unlabeled X-ray images

CHAPTER 7 & 8 – THE SKELETON – names & locations of bones
http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/learnem/bones/main_bone.htm
THE SKELETAL #1: Click on the name of a part of the skeleton you want to review from the menu at left. You are taken to a photograph of the skeleton part with each bone labeled with a number. Click on a number for the name of the corresponding bone.

http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm
THE SKELETAL #2: This site gives you more names. And – you can test your memory of bone names and locations with numbered photographs of real skeletons and individual bones. If you can’t remember a bone name, click “Correct answers” at the bottom of the photograph. You will then be shown a key that matches the bone name to the number in the photograph.

http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/menu/animation.html
This site was just discovered! It has simple clear drawings and quizzes to test your knowledge - and your spelling!

http://www.anatomyatlases.org/bonebox/index.shtml
BONE VIDEOS (Quicktime): Go to this site as your last review site before your practical exam! A professor picks individual bones out of a “bone box” and describes each bone. Here’s a good self-test: The professor often leaves out information that you should know – what info. would you add to his presentation?
The homepage has a list of bones – click on the one you want to see. Maybe you’ll find one or two helpful comments. Compare these to the Study Lab’s video by one of our own peer tutors (Megan Letavish). You can view the bone video in M238, purchase it from the lab manager or (coming soon) view it on this very webpage (there will be an icon for it on the homepage).

CHAPTER 9 – JOINTS
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/vdghumananatomy/student/olc2/ch08summary.html
JOINTS – the publisher McGrawHill site – simple descriptions of different joint types – very helpful

CHAPTER 10 – MUSCULAR TISSUE
http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/muscle/index.htm#introduction
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY: If you have a specific question about the types of muscle, how muscles work or how they are put together, you will find the answer here. There is a good menu at the top of the page.

http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/sketchmuscle1.html
SKELETAL MUSCLE diagram and description of how muscle produces tension (pull) on bone and other connective tissues

CHAPTER 11 – MUSCULAR SYSTEM http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/cat_dissect/cat_demo/muscular_system/muscle_index.html
FANTASTIC!! Want to learn cat and human skeletal muscles for the lab. practical exam? Here’s the place.
1) Click on a body region listed in the menu at left. You will be shown a photo of the skeletal muscles here. 2) Click on a particular location in the photo and you are given the muscle’s name in the window at right and above it a picture of the corresponding (homologous) human muscle (or you are notified there is no homologous human muscle). 3) Take the quiz!

http://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/CrossSectionAtlas.shtml
ACTUAL SECTIONS FROM A HUMAN BODY (cadaver) cut in X-section (transverse plane). Anatomical structures in each section are numbered. Keys to the numbers at the bottom of each section. Menu options on the homepage make it easy for you to select just the section(s) you want to see.
Great review of limb muscles! It’s helpful to see how muscles are positioned around bones and how nerves are positioned around muscles.

http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/welcome.htm
CAT MUSCLES + ORGANS: Directions are clear and short. Read them! Muscle photographs are excellent for views of origins and insertions. Careful! Don’t miss the muscle labels (black numbers) on high magnification photographs!

CHAPTER 12 – NERVOUS SYSTEM
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/cells.html
What is a NEURON? Good introduction and overview of different neuron types – diagrams and photomicrographs are easy to understand – you can click on the names of different terms and hear them pronounced – there’s even a quiz you can take to test your knowledge

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/ExcitableCells.html
EXCITABLE CELLS - Try this line for an explanation of “excitable cells” (muscle fibers and neurons)

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/synapse.html
What is a SYNAPSE? This website tells you.
Good diagrams and videos - but remember: not all synapses are formed between axon terminals and dendrites - axon terminals can end on the cell body (soma) of another cell or on another axon terminal!

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html
What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER? This website tells you – and tells you a lot more!

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/glia.html
What are GLIAL CELLS? This site provides a good overview of different types and an excellent comparison with neurons.

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html
NERVOUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW – the homepage for the preceding websites – find anything else you want to learn about the nervous system!
Try the link Questions/Answers from the “Neuroscientist Network”…wow

http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology/units/neuro/images.html
WONDERFUL REVIEW – PUTS IT ALL TOGETHER in video and images
Look up different processes and actions. For example – look at what happens during an action potential! Scroll down through the entire menu – you have many choices

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Nervous/Nervous.htm#CNS
NEURAL TISSUE in photographs with text and video diagrams – thorough!!

http://online-media.uni-marburg.de/histologie/introhis/HIS/txt/nerv/nerv01.htm
MICROSCOPE SLIDES OF NERVOUS TISSUE with short explanations and labels

CHAPTER 13 – THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES
http://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/CrossSectionAtlas.shtml
ACTUAL SECTIONS FROM A HUMAN BODY (cadaver) cut in X-section (transverse plane). Anatomical structures in each section are numbered. Keys to the numbers at the bottom of each section. Menu options on the homepage make it easy for you to select just the section(s) you want to see.
It’s helpful to view the CNS (brain and spinal cord) in X-section.

CHAPTER 14 – THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
http://science.tjc.edu/images/brain/Index.htm
BRAIN ANATOMY – learn the gross anatomy of the brain from models that are color-coded according to structure name – see the same photo unlabeled and labeled – a good tool to test your knowledge

CHAPTER 15 – THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html
THE AUTOMOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: This is a great introduction!

http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u05/u05_b02.htm
LIST OF ORGAN RESPONSES to SYMPATHETIC and to PARASYMPATHETIC nerve impulses: This is a great summary of how the ANS controls our physiology.

NOTICE!!: The effect of S-ANS or P-ANS stimulation will depend upon the type of receptor contained in the stimulated tissue. The type of receptor and the abundance of the receptor type can vary over time.

CHAPTER 15 – SENSORY, MOTOR AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/arrhythmias/htm/_no_50_no_0.htm
This SLIDE SHOW ON HEART FUNCTION includes audio narration. Look at the blue rectangular buttons on the left menue. Choose the button that reads “Heart.”
Blood flow and contractions are described clearly, but with minimal details (The right and left pulmonary veins are drawn as a single vessel for simplicity. The SA [sinoatrial] node is called the “sinus” node and the depolarizing wave that spreads from the SA node to the AV node looks like it misses the wall of the left atrium!). Even so, this slide show offers a good review.

CHAPTER 16 – SENSORY, MOTOR AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS HEART ANATOMY

CHAPTER 17 – THE SPECIAL SENSES

CHAPTER 18 – THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.html
OVERVIEW/INTRODUCTION: Here’s a clear, simple, step-by-step introduction to this communication system. It includes a description of relationships between the endocrine and nervous system and helps you to understand what a hormone is and how it works. All topics are listed, as links, at the top of home page (great!)

http://www.endocrineweb.com/whatisendo.html
INTRODUCTION TO SPECIFIC GLANDS: Function of each endocrine gland and related disorders.
Click on the underlined name of an endocrine gland to read more about the gland and to see its location within the body.

http://www.endocrineweb.com/define.html
ENDOCRINOLOGY TERMS – Look up any term/name that you need help with

CHAPTER 19 – THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood.htm#0
BLOOD and BLOOD CELLS - This site is a great review of your laboratory exercises.

http://www2.uerj.br/~micron/atlas/atlasenglish/Blood/Blood1.htm
BLOOD CELL TYPES – see them all in a beautiful labeled high-magnification microscope slide – scroll bars at bottom and at left – the key is at the top - great!

http://science.tjc.edu/images/blood_cells/Index.htm
MORE BLOOD CELL PHOTO’S!

CHAPTER 20 – THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/cyberheart/anthrt.htm
SHEEP HEART: Excellent tutorial and self-testing options

http://science.tjc.edu/images/heart_model/index.htm
GREAT HUMAN HEART PHOTO’S – LABELED AND UNLABELED – an excellent site for learning your way around the heart with the use of excellent models in all perspectives

http://www.visibleheart.com/videoclips.htm#
THE ACTIVE HEART: See an actual living heart in action!

CHAPTER 21 – THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSEL

http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/circ/circulat.htm
CAT VESSELS: Good photographs with vessels labeled by number – to see the key, click on “Correct Answers” at the bottom of each photo

http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/organs/welcome2.htm
CAT VESSELS: Some images are very clear - and it’s great to quickly get the name of a vessel by clicking on its number.

http://bio.bd.psu.edu/cat/Circulatory_System/index.htm
CAT VESSELS: Some images are very clear. Click on “Arteries and Veins of Appendages and Abdomen.

http://science.tjc.edu/images/vessels-model/Index.htm
GREAT BLOOD VESSEL PHOTO’S - LABELED AND UNLABELED – from a wire and plastic model of the circulatory system. These photo’s allow you to match unlabeled vessels with the same vessels that are shown labeled and color-coded.
Learn your way around the circulatory system!

http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/cvanim/fetcirc/fetcirc.html
FETAL CIRCULATION – ANIMATION: Great!!! - but follow these instructions: 1) move your mouse to a number on the diagram and then click to see animation. 2) Click “Next” at bottom right to continue following the path of blood flow. 3) Click “Finish” at bottom center when you want to test yourself.

http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/learnem/arteries/main_art.htm
Have you learned your arteries? Test yourself!

CHAPTER 22 - THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/inflam.html
ANIMATIONS: Watch cartoons of our immune system cells in action!!

CHAPTER 23 - THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pulmonary.html#The_Pathway
INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW of the human respiratory system – remember that you can click on the “blue” (highlighted) words for additional information

CHAPTER 24 – THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
http://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/CrossSectionAtlas.shtml
ACTUAL SECTIONS FROM A HUMAN BODY X-sections (sections in the transverse plane) taken from a cadaver are used to show internal anatomy. Anatomical structures in each section are numbered. Keys to the numbers at the bottom of each section. Menu options on the homepage make it easy for you to select just the section(s) you want to see.
See how the organs of the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems are positioned relative to each other and to surrounding muscle and bone.

http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/welcome.htm
CAT ORGANS + MUSCLES: Directions are clear and short. Read them!

CHAPTER 25 – METABOLISM AND NUTRITION

CHAPTER 26 – THE URINARY SYSTEM
http://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/CrossSectionAtlas.shtml
ACTUAL SECTIONS FROM A HUMAN BODY X-sections (sections in the transverse plane) taken from a cadaver are used to show internal anatomy. Anatomical structures in each section are numbered. Keys to the numbers at the bottom of each section. Menu options on the homepage make it easy for you to select just the section(s) you want to see.
See how the organs of the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems are positioned relative to each other and to surrounding muscle and bone.

http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/welcome.htm
CAT ORGANS + MUSCLES: Directions are clear and short. Read them!

CCHAPTER 27 – FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS

CHAPTER 28 – THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
http://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/CrossSectionAtlas.shtml
ACTUAL SECTIONS FROM A HUMAN BODY X-sections (sections in the transverse plane) taken from a cadaver are used to show internal anatomy. Anatomical structures in each section are numbered. Keys to the numbers at the bottom of each section. Menu options on the homepage make it easy for you to select just the section(s) you want to see.
See how the organs of the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems are positioned relative to each other and to surrounding muscle and bone.

http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/welcome.htm
CAT ORGANS + MUSCLES: Directions are clear and short. Read them!

CHAPTER 29 – DEVELOPMENT AND INHERITANCE

http://www.anatomyatlases.org/atlasofanatomy/index.shtml
DRAWINGS OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES from all systems. Illustrations are labeled and highly detailed, with keys at the bottom. This website is good only if you have one or a few specific structures that you want to find. The labels on the sections are small, so first look for the name of the structure you want in the key to find the number or letter for it – then search for this letter or number on the drawing (the drawings are old classic illustrations used in medical textbooks)